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Shown here is an image of "States’ Rights v. Civil Rights", an Exhibit located in the Marshall Gallery, 1st Floor Rotunda in Swem Library at the College of William & Mary, on display from May 10th 2013 to November 10th 2013

The following is a transcription of the labels in this exhibit:

As the state with the single-most battles and two Confederate capitals, Virginia naturally had one of the most active and well-funded centennial commissions. The Virginia commission’s key project was to construct a one-of-a-kind Civil War Centennial Center in downtown Richmond. Over 600,000 people from all fifty states and many foreign countries visited the center during its four years of operation. The center was the keystone of the commission’s effort to “sell Virginia, its history, its products, and its people” (Executive Director James J. Geary). Commemorative ceremonies, restored battle sites, and the roadside historical markers we still see today, aided the commission’s effort to both shape historical memory and promote Virginia tourism.

The first civil rights skirmish of the Kennedy years ended when, under increasing pressure from the administration and the public, the commission finally moved their assembly to the desegregated U.S. naval station in Charleston, South Carolina. Vice Chairman William M. Tuck received letters throughout the controversy, mostly from Southerners supporting his stance against integration, federal intervention, or Communist agitation, depending on the perspective of the writer.

Only seven months after the centennial celebrations began, the national commission awarded Virginia its highest honor, the centennial medallion. Eventually, all eleven commissions representing the states of the Confederacy would earn this medallion.

Films like Another Cheer for Dixie and Stonewall Jackson’s Way, for which the William & Mary Men’s Chorus provided their talents, reflect the Virginia commission’s strongly-felt ties to the Confederate past. While hardly controversial in 1960s Virginia, the Parade article reproduced here suggests the potential of such historical sympathies to create sectional tensions.

Both the city of Williamsburg and the College of William & Mary played significant roles in the Virginia Civil War centennial. Most local efforts occurred around the 100th anniversary of the May, 1862 Battle of Williamsburg.

Plans for a Civil War Hall of Fame, conceived by a private corporation with ties to the Civil War Centennial Commission, is another example of the commercial, non-partisan commemoration the commission sought. Like many of the grand schemes of the Centennial Commission, the Civil War Hall of Fame was never realized.

Battle reenactments like the one advertised here were typical of commission executive director Karl Betts’s commercial approach to popularizing the Civil War centennial. Many people, including most historians at the time, found this play-acting vulgar and disrespectful. But a lot of others, including President Kennedy, enjoyed sham battles immensely.

The commercialized consensus celebration of the Civil War ran into serious trouble even before the 100th anniversary of the war’s opening salvo. As the civil rights movement gained momentum, the Civil War Centennial Commission decided to hold their fourth national assembly in segregated Charleston, South Carolina, to coincide with the anniversary of Fort Sumter. The New Jersey State Commission expressed concern that Madaline Williams, an African-American member of their group, would not be welcome at the site of the assembly, the Francis Marion Hotel. This was confirmed by the national commission and the disagreement over how to resolve the issue became increasingly public. President Kennedy intervened with a letter to Chairman Grant, reproduced here. Despite Kennedy’s insistence that, as a federal body, the Centennial Commission was obligated to ensure the equal treatment of all attending the assembly, Grant, Betts, and Tuck stood firm. They argued that they had no right to interfere with local custom or the operation of the Francis Marion Hotel.

Born amid some of the hottest years of the Cold War, the Civil War Centennial Commission sought to honor North and South alike in the name of national solidarity against foreign enemies. As a result, both the Union and the Confederacy were celebrated for the high ideals they championed and fought for, their principles often reduced to the relatively uncontroversial notions of national unity and states’ rights. Some associated with the commission even argued that both sides had fought in the name of national unity. And the national commission as such all but ignored the problem of slavery. Given the commission’s compromise position, it seemed appropriate that Ulysses S. Grant III, the racially conservative grandson of the Union general, should serve as chairman. Here, commission vice chairman and bitter-end segregationist William M. Tuck, offers rare Southern praise to the elder Grant’s legacy.

Some Northerners, like this “White Democrat,” wrote to William M. Tuck to express their disapproval of the commission’s resistance to integration. NAACP executive secretary Roy Wilkins weighed in with this telegram to executive director Karl Betts. Regarding the Charleston controversy, the only disapproving letters from Southerners in Tuck’s papers are those that express anger at the eventual integration of the assembly.

Executive Director Karl Betts’s alleged message to the New Jersey Commission, “Stay where you belong,” further shows how the Civil War Centennial Commission’s efforts to hold a celebration on which the entire country could agree, only made continuing racial inequality more visible and even inflamed the sectional divides. Vice Chairman Tuck resigned from the commission in July, while Betts’s failure to gracefully handle the Charleston crisis led to his ouster in August of 1961. Grant resigned in turn, to be replaced by historian Allan Nevins while James I. Robertson, the young editor of Civil War History magazine, took over for Betts as executive director. The centennial continued through 1965 in a more academic, racially inclusive, and far less controversial manner. The contradictions that created the Charleston crisis, however, only heightened through the turbulent 1960s.

From the Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library at the College of William and Mary. See swem.wm.edu/research/special-collections for further information and assistance.

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Our 5 box-jointed- flat nosed pliers with brass jaws enable the user to hold and bend metals scratch free. The body of these pliers are rust-free stainless steel with double-leaf springs. PLR-755.00 5 (125mm)

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Made of high chromium steel alloy with light action springs, the new Lindstrom Round Nose EX Plier is precision crafted in Switzerland. High ergonomic grips distribute proper pressure to hand surface for maximum comfort. The radius edge of the head protects from marring. Precision screw joints assure long life. Length 5.25 inches.

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